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CHAPTER FOUR

THE MASTER--CHABERT, 1792-1859.

Ivan Ivanitz Chabert, the only
Really Incombustible Phenomenon, as he
was billed abroad, or J. Xavier Chabert, A.M.,
M.D., etc., as he was afterwards known in this
country, was probably the most notable, and
certainly the most interesting, character in
the history of fire-eating, fire-resistance, and
poison eating. He was the last prominent figure
in the long line of this type of artists to appeal
to the better classes and to attract the attention
of scientists, who for a considerable period
treated his achievements more or less seriously.
Henry Evanion gave me a valuable collection
of Chabert clippings, hand-bills, etc., and
related many interesting incidents in connection
with this man of wonders.

It seems quite impossible for me to write
of any historical character in Magic or its
allied arts without recalling my dear old friend
Evanion, who introduced me to a throng of
fascinating characters, with each of whom he
seemed almost as familiar as if they had been
daily companions.

Subsequently I discovered an old engraving
of Chabert, published in London in 1829, and
later still another which bore the change of
name, as well as the titles enumerated above.
The latter was published in New York, September,
1836, and bore the inscription: ``One
of the most celebrated Chemists, Philosophers,
and Physicians of the present day.'' These
discoveries, together with a clue from Evanion,
led to further investigations, which resulted in
the interesting discovery that this one-time
Bartholomew Fair entertainer spent the last
years of his life in New York City. He resided
here for twenty-seven years and lies
buried in the beautiful Cypress Hills Cemetery,
quite forgotten by the man on the street.

Nearby is the grave of good old Signor Blitz,
and not far away is the plot that holds all that
is mortal of my beloved parents. When I
finally break away from earthly chains and
restraints, I hope to be placed beside them.

During my search for data regarding Chabert
I looked in the telephone book for a possible
descendant. By accident I picked up the
Suburban instead of the Metropolitan edition,
and there I found a Victor E. Chabert living
at Allenhurst, N. J. I immediately got into
communication with him and found that he
was a grandson of the Fire King, but he could
give me no more information than I already
possessed, which I now spread before my
readers.

M. Chabert was a son of Joseph and Therese
Julienne Chabert. He was born on May 10th,
1792, at Avignon, France.

Chabert was a soldier in the Napoleonic
wars, was exiled to Siberia and escaped to
England. His grandson has a bronze Napoleon
medal which was presented to Chabert, presumably
for valor on the field of battle. Napoleon
was exiled in 1815 and again three years
later. Chabert first attracted public notice in
Paris, at which time his demonstrations of
heat-resistance were sufficiently astonishing to
merit the attention of no less a body than the
National Institute.

To the more familiar feats of his predecessors
he added startling novelties in the art of
heat-resistance, the most spectacular being
that of entering a large iron cabinet, which
resembled a common baker's oven, heated to
the usual temperature of such ovens. He carried
in his hand a leg of mutton and remained
until the meat was thoroughly cooked. Another
thriller involved standing in a flaming
tar-barrel until it was entirely consumed
around him.

In 1828, Chabert gave a series of performances
at the Argyle Rooms in London, and
created a veritable sensation. A correspondent
in the London Mirror has this to say of
Chabert's work at that time: ``Of M. Chabert's
wonderful power of withstanding the operation
of the fiery element, it is in the recollection
of the writer of witnessing, some few years
back, this same individual (in connection with
the no-less fire-proof Signora Girardelli)
exhibiting `extraordinary proofs of his
supernatural power of resisting the most intense
heat of every kind.' Since which an IMPROVEMENT
of a more formidable nature has to our
astonished fancy been just demonstrated. In
the newspapers of the past week it is reported
that he, in the first instance, refreshed himself
with a hearty meal of phosphorus, which
was, at his own request, supplied to him very
liberally by several of his visitors, who were
previously unacquainted with him. He washed
down (they say) this infernal fare with
solutions of arsenic and oxalic acid; thus throwing
into the background the long-established fame
of Mithridates. He next swallowed with great
gout, several spoonfuls of boiling oil; and, as
a dessert to this delicate repast, helped himself
with his naked hands to a considerable
quantity of molten lead. The experiment,
however, of entering into a hot oven, together with
a quantity of meat, sufficient, when cooked, to
regale those of his friends who were specially
invited to witness his performance, was the
chef-d'oeuvre of the day. Having ordered
three fagots of wood, which is the quantity
generally used by bakers, to be thrown into
the oven, and they being set on fire, twelve
more fagots of the same size were subsequently
added to them, which being all consumed by
three o'clock, M. Chabert entered the oven with
a dish of raw meat, and when it was sufficiently
done he handed it out, took in another, and
remained therein until the second quantity was
also well cooked; he then came out of the oven,
and sat down, continues the report, to partake,
with a respectable assembly of friends, of
those viands he had so closely attended during
the culinary process. Publicly, on a subsequent
day, and in an oven 6 feet by 7, and at
a heat of about 220, he remained till a steak
was properly done, and again returned to his
fiery den and continued for a period of thirty
minutes, in complete triumph over the power
of an element so much dreaded by humankind,
and so destructive to animal nature. It has
been properly observed, that there are
preparations which so indurate the cuticle, as to
render it insensible to the heat of either boiling
oil or melted lead; and the fatal qualities
of certain poisons may be destroyed, if the
medium through which they are imbibed, as
we suppose to be the case here, is a strong
alkali. Many experiments, as to the extent to
which the human frame could bear heat, without
the destruction of the vital powers, have
been tried from time to time; but so far as
recollection serves, Monsieur Chabert's fire-
resisting qualities are greater than those
professed by individuals who, before him, have
undergone this species of ordeal.''

It was announced some time ago, in one of
the French journals, that experiments had
been tried with a female, whose fire-standing
qualities had excited great astonishment. She,
it appears, was placed in a heated oven, into
which live dogs, cats, and rabbits were
conveyed. The poor animals died in a state of
convulsion almost immediately, while the Fire-
queen bore the heat without complaining. In
that instance, however, the heat of the oven
was not so great as that which M. Chabert encountered.

Much of the power to resist greater degrees
of heat than can other men may be a natural
gift, much the result of chemical applications,
and much from having the parts indurated by
long practice; probably all three are combined
in this phenomenon, with some portion of
artifice.

In Timbs' Curiosities of London, published
in 1867, I find the following:

At the Argyle Rooms, London, in 1829,
Mons. Chabert, the Fire-King, exhibited
his powers of resisting poisons, and
withstanding extreme heat. He swallowed
forty grains of phosphorus, sipped oil at
333 degrees with impunity, and rubbed a red-hot
fire-shovel over his tongue, hair, and face,
unharmed.

On September 23d, on a challenge of
L50, Chabert repeated these feats and won
the wager; he next swallowed a piece of
burning torch; and then, dressed in coarse
woolen, entered an oven heated to 380 degrees,
sang a song, and cooked two dishes of beef
steaks.

Still, the performances were suspected,
and in fact, proved to be a chemical juggle.

Another challenge in the same year is
recorded under the heading, ``Sights of
London,'' as follows:

We were tempted on Wednesday to the
Argyle Rooms by the challenge of a person
of the uncommon name of J. Smith
to M. Chabert, our old friend the Fire
King, whom this individual dared to
invite to a trial of powers in swallowing
poison and being baked! The audacity
of such a step quite amazed us; and
expecting to see in the competitor at
least a Vulcan, the God of all Smiths,
was hastened to the scene of strife.
Alas, our disappointment was complete!
Smith had not even the courage of a
blacksmith for standing fire, and yielded
a stake of L50, as was stated, without
a contest, to M. Chabert, on the latter
coming out of his oven with his own two
steaks perfectly cooked. On this occasion
Chabert took 20 grains of phosphorus,
swallowed oil heated to nearly 100 degrees above
boiling water, took molten lead out of a
ladle with his fingers and cooled it on his
tongue; and, besides performing other
remarkable feats, remained five minutes in
the oven at a temperature of between 300
and 400 degrees by the thermometer. There was
about 150 persons present, many of them
medical men; and being convinced that
these things were fairly done, without
trickery, much astonishment was expressed.

The following detailed account of the latter challenge appeared in the Chronicle, London, September, 1829.

THE FIRE KING AND HIS
CHALLENGER.--An advertisement appeared lately in one of the papers, in which a Mr. J. Smith after insinuating that M. Chabert practised some juggle when he appeared to enter an oven heated to five hundred degrees, and to swallow twenty grains of phosphorus, challenged him to perform the exploits which he professed to be performing daily. In consequence M. Chabert publicly accepted Mr. J. Smith's challenge for L50, requesting him to provide the poison himself. A day was fixed upon which the challenge was to be determined, and at two o'clock on that day, a number of gentlemen assembled in the Argyle-rooms, where the exhibition was to take place. At a little before three the fire-king made his appearance near his oven, and as some impatience had been exhibited, owing to the non-arrival of Mr. J. Smith, he offered to amuse the company with a few trifling experiments. He made a shovel red-hot and rubbed it over his tongue, a trick for which no credit, he said, was due, as the moisture of the tongue was sufficient to prevent any injury arising from it. He next rubbed it over his hair and face, declaring that anybody might perform the same feat by first washing themselves in a mixture of spirits of sulphur and alum, which, by cauterising the epidermis, hardened the skin to resist the fire.

He put his hand into some melted lead, took a small portion of it out, placed it in his mouth, and then gave it in a solid state to some of the company. This performance, according to his account, was also very easy; for he seized only a very small particle, which, by a tight compression between the forefinger and the thumb, became cool before it reached the mouth. At this time Mr. Smith made his appearance, and M. Chabert forthwith prepared himself for mightier undertakings. A cruse of oil was brought forward and poured into a saucepan, which was previously turned upside down, to show that there was no water in it. The alleged reason for this step was, that the vulgar conjurors, who profess to drink boiling oil, place the oil in water, and drink it when the water boils, at which time the oil is not warmer than an ordinary cup of tea. He intended to drink the oil when any person might see it bubbling in the saucepan, and when the thermometer would prove that it was heated to three hundred and sixty degrees. The saucepan was accordingly placed on the fire, and as it was acquiring the requisite heat, the fire-king challenged any man living to drink a spoonful of the oil at the same temperature as that at which he was going to drink it. In a few minutes afterwards, he sipped off a spoonful with greatest apparent ease, although the spoon, from contact with the boiling fluid, had become too hot for ordinary fingers to handle.

``And now, Monsieur Smith,'' said the fire-king, ``now for your challenge. Have you prepared yourself with phosphorus, or will you take some of mine, which is laid on that table?'' Mr. Smith, walked up to the table, and pulling a vial bottle out of his pocket, offered it to the poison- swallower.

Fire-king--``I ask you, on your honor as a gentleman, is this genuine unmixed poison?''

Mr. Smith--``It is, upon my honor.''

Fire-king--``Is there any medical gentleman here who will examine it?''

A person in the room requested that Dr. Gordon Smith, one of the medical professors in the London University, would examine the vial, and decide whether it contained genuine phosphorus.

The professor went to the table, on which the formidable collection of poisons --such as red and white arsenic, hydrocyanic acid, morphine and phosphorus-- was placed, and, examining the vial, declared, that, to the best of his judgment, it was genuine phosphorus.

M. Chabert asked Mr. Smith, how many grains he wished to commence his first draught with. Mr. Smith--``Twenty grains will do as a commencement.''

A medical gentleman then came forward and cut off two parcels of phosphorus, containing twenty grains each. He was placing them in the water, when the fire- king requested that his phosphorus might be cut into small pieces, as he did not wish the pieces to stop on their way to his stomach. The poisons were now prepared. A wine-glass contained the portion set aside for the fire-king--a tumbler the portion reserved for Mr. Smith.

The Fire-king--``I suppose, gentlemen, I must begin, and to convince you that I do not juggle, I will first take off my coat, and then I will trouble you, doctor (speaking to Dr. Gordon Smith), to tie my hands together behind me. After he had been bandaged in this manner, he planted himself on one knee in the middle of the room, and requested some gentleman to place the phosphorus on his tongue and pour the water down his throat. This was accordingly done, and the water and phosphorus were swallowed together. He then opened his mouth and requested the company to look whether any portion of the phosphorus remained in his mouth. Several gentlemen examined his mouth, and declared that there was no phosphorus perceptible either upon or under his tongue. He was then by his own desire unbandaged. The fire-king forthwith turned to Mr. Smith and offered him the other glass of phosphorus. Mr. Smith started back in infinite alarm--`Not for worlds, Sir, not for worlds; I beg to decline it.'

The Fire-king--``Then wherefore did you send me a challenge? You pledged your honor to drink it, if I did; I have done it; and if you are a gentleman, you must drink it too.''

Mr. Smith--``No, no, I must be excused: I am quite satisfied without it.''

Here several voices exclaimed that the bet was lost. Some said there must be a confederacy between the challenger and the challenged, and others asked whether any money had been deposited? The fire- king called a Mr. White forward, who deposed that he held the stakes, which had been regularly placed in his hands, by both parties, before twelve o'clock that morning.

The fire-king here turned round with great exultation to the company, and pulling a bottle out of his pocket, exclaimed, ``I did never see this gentleman before this morning, and I did not know but that he might be bold enough to venture to take this quantity of poison. I was determined not to let him lose his life by his foolish wager, and therefore I did bring an antidote in my pocket, which would have prevented him from suffering any harm.'' Mr. Smith said his object was answered by seeing twenty grains of genuine phosphorus swallowed. He had conceived it impossible, as three grains were quite sufficient to destroy life. The fire-king then withdrew into another room for the professed purpose of putting on his usual dress for entering the oven, but in all probability for the purpose of getting the phosphorus out of his stomach.

After an absence of twenty minutes, he returned, dressed in a coarse woolen coat, to enter the heated oven. Before he entered it, a medical gentleman ascertained that his pulse was vibrating ninety-eight times a minute. He remained in the oven five minutes, during which time he sung Le Vaillant Troubadour, and superintended the cooking of two dishes of beef steaks. At the end of that time he came out, perspiring profusely, and with a pulse making one hundred and sixty-eight vibrations in a minute. The thermometer, when brought out of the oven, stood at three hundred and eighty degrees; within the oven he said it was above six hundred.

Although he was suspected of trickery by many, was often challenged, and had an army of rivals and imitators, all available records show that Chabert was beyond a doubt the greatest fire and poison resister that ever appeared in London.

Seeking new laurels, he came to America in 1832, and although he was successful in New York, his subsequent tour of the States was financially disastrous. He evidently saved enough from the wreck, however, to start in business, and the declining years of his eventful life were passed in the comparative obscurity of a little drug store in Grand Street.

As his biographer I regret to be obliged to chronicle the fact that he made and sold an alleged specific for the White Plague, thus enabling his detractors to couple with his name the word Quack. The following article, which appeared in the New York Herald of September 1st, 1859, three days after Chabert's death, gives further details of his activities in this country:

We published among the obituary notices in yesterday's Herald the death of Dr. Julian Xavier Chabert, the ``Fire King,'' aged 67 years, of pulmonary consumption. Dr. C. was a native of France, and came to this country in 1832, and was first introduced to the public at the lecture room of the old Clinton Hall, in Nassau Street, where he gave exhibitions by entering a hot oven of his own construction, and while there gave evidence of his salamander qualities by cooking beef steaks, to the surprise and astonishment of his audiences.

It was a question to many whether the Doctor's oven was red-hot or not, as he never allowed any person to approach him during the exhibition or take part in the proceedings. He made a tour of the United States in giving these exhibitions, which resulted in financial bankruptcy. At the breaking out of the cholera in 1832 he turned Doctor, and appended M.D., to his name, and suddenly his newspaper advertisements claimed for him the title of the celebrated Fire King, the curer of consumption, the maker of Chinese Lotion, etc.

While the Doctor was at the height of his popularity, some wag perpetrated the following joke in a newspaper paragraph: ``During some experiments he was making in chemistry last week, an explosion took place which entirely bewildered his faculties and left him in a condition bordering on the grave. He was blown into a thousand atoms. It took place on Wednesday of last week and some accounts state that it grew out of an experiment with phosphoric ether, others that it was by a too liberal indulgence in Prussic acid, an article which, from its resemblance to the peach, he was remarkably fond of having about him.''

The Doctor was extensively accused of quackery, and on one occasion when the Herald touched on the same subject, it brought him to our office and he exhibited diplomas, certificates and medical honors without number.

The Doctor was remarkable for his prolific display of jewelry and medals of honor, and by his extensive display of beard. He found a rival in this city in the person of another French ``chemist,'' who gave the Doctor considerable opposition and consequently much trouble.

The Doctor was famous, also, for his four-horse turnouts in Broadway, alternating, when he saw proper, to a change to the ``tandem'' style. He married an Irish lady whom he at first supposed to be immensely rich, but after the nuptials it was discovered that she merely had a life interest in a large estate in common with several others.

The Doctor, it appears, was formerly a soldier in the French Army, and quite recently he received from thence a medal of the order of St. Helena, an account of which appeared in the Herald. Prior to his death he was engaged in writing his biography (in French) and had it nearly ready for publication.

Here follows a supposedly humorous speech in broken English, quoted from the London Lancet, in which the Doctor is satirized. Continuing, the articles says:

``The Doctor was what was termed a `fast liver,' and at the time of his death he kept a drug store in Grand Street, and had very little of this world's goods. He leaves three children to mourn his loss, one of them an educated physician, residing in Hoboken, N. J.

Dr. C. has `gone to that bourne whence no traveller returns,' and we fervently trust and hope that the disembodied spirits of the tens of thousands whom he has treated in this sphere will treat him with the same science with which he treated them while in this wicked world.'

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